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April 2025




The Fed: Between a Rock And a Hard Place



Paul Single Senior Economist, Senior Portfolio Manager
  • The new tariff policy increases the risk of higher prices and slower economic growth.
  • Fortunately, the economy is very strong with a low unemployment rate and strong household and corporate balance sheets.
  • There is a risk of some stagflation, but not to the degree that the U.S. experienced in the 1970s.

The new plans for tariff policy threaten to raise prices further and slow economic growth. This will make it very challenging for the Fed; if they use monetary policy to combat one aspect, it may make the other worse. This is the stagflation paradox, which is characterized by high inflation and a high unemployment rate. Until the 1970s, economists generally thought it would be impossible for stagflation to exist. It was broadly believed that if inflation got too high, a central bank would raise interest rates, slowing demand, and prices would fall. If the unemployment rate got too high, it would reduce interest rates, demand would pick up, and the unemployment rate would decline. But the 1970s oil crisis changed that. An outside force kept the oil price high no matter what was going on regarding the change in demand. Tariffs can have the same impact on the economy. 


The Fed has warned that it is unclear what the correct policy action is at this time. One pending issue is where the tariff rates settle. Countries may be able to negotiate their reciprocal rate downward. The current estimate of the average tariff rate is around 28%, a big jump from the sub-3.0% it was at (Chart 1). 

Chart 1: U.S. Tariff 
(%)

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Estimate from The Budget Lab at Yale, as of April 15, 2025. 

Past performance is no guarantee of future results.

 


Fortunately for the Fed, the inflation rate is not significantly above its projected trend line toward 2.0%, and the economy is robust, with a low unemployment rate and strong balance sheets for households and corporations. This buys the Fed time to study the economic impact of the tariffs. There are several unanswered questions: Will the administration negotiate different tariff rates on some reciprocal tariffs? How will the tariffs impact consumer spending and business investment? Most importantly, will the tariffs lead to a trade war or just higher prices and a slower economy?  

As for the financial markets, they now believe the Fed will need to cut the overnight federal funds rate by almost 100 basis points, a sharp change from two months ago when it was less than 25 bps (Chart 2).

Chart 2: Federal Funds Futures: December 2025
implied, based on federal funds futures market

 Source: Bloomberg’s WIRP page, as of April 22, 2025.

Past performance is no guarantee of future results.

 

 

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